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- Deemed Exports
- Both the State and Commerce Departments deem that an export has taken place if a foreign national has access to U.S. controlled products or technology, even if the access takes place in the U.S. (although U.S. "Green Card" holders are not included). Thus U.S. firms must insure that products and data are controlled so that only foreign nationals for which the companies have specific export licenses have access to such products or technology.
- Defense Export Loan Guarantee (DELG)
- The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 established a loan guarantee program for the sale of defense articles and services to eligible foreign governments. The program was modeled after the loan guarantee program of the Export-Import Bank, whose charter prohibits loans or guarantees for military products. Unlike the Ex-Im Bank program, no subsidies were to be provided. Because of restrictions placed annually in appropriations bill, the DELG has never proved useful, and only one loan has ever been guaranteed by the program.
- Defense Production Act (DPA)
- Passed in 1950, includes several provisions relative to defense trade. In particular, the Exxon-Florio amendment, added in 1988, provides the government authority to examine the security implications of potential foreign investment (see Committee on Foreign Investment in the U.S.). The DPA also provides authority for Commerce to collect data on the health of specific sub-sectors of the economy, and in particular whether imports threaten national security interests. The act also requires annual reports of the Commerce Department on the impact of offsets on the U.S. economy. Finally, the DPA contains the Defense Priority and Allocation System (DPAS), which provides DoD the authority to require companies to give priority to DoD requirements over commercial customers, and holds those companies harmless from financial penalties for not meeting commercial contractual obligations when DPAS is invoked.
- Defense Security Assistance Agency (DSAA)
- The former name of Defense Security Cooperation Agency. The name was changed to reflect that in the post-Cold War period only a small fraction of U.S. defense sales involved any U.S. government loans or grants, but rather are paid for from foreign country resources.
- Defense Security Cooperation Agency (DSCA)
- Administers or coordinates a number of programs, most notably Foreign Military Sales (FMS), Foreign Military Financing (FMF) programs, International Military Education and Training (IMET), and distribution of Excess Defense Articles (EDA) to foreign countries. DSCA also coordinates policy with respect to DOD participation in international air and defense trade shows. More information on DSCA and its programs is available at www.dsca.mil.
- Defense Technology Security Agency (DTSA)
- When State or Commerce wants the advice of the Defense Department with respect to specific export license applications, license applications and supporting information are forwarded to DTSA. DTSA in turn will determine which military services, program offices, or other DoD agencies should review the applications. DTSA then provides State or Commerce with a single DoD response, which can include a recommendation to deny the request, approve it, or approve it with specific provisos.
- Defense Trade Security Initiatives (DTSI)
- In September of 2000, the Clinton Administration announced its intention to implement seventeen reforms of the export control system that were intended to make the system more efficient and encourage cooperative defense programs with allied countries. The Bush administration generally endorsed these reforms in principal, but most have not been implemented. Reforms included greater use of program licenses, which would have allowed a large number of transactions under a single license; waivers of licenses for unclassified products and technology for specific countries such as the United Kingdom and Australia, and frequent review of the U.S. Munitions List. Information on all 17 initiatives is available at www.pmdtc.org/docs/DTSI_17proposals.pdf.
- Direct Commercial Sales (DCS)
- Companies may sell defense products and services directly to foreign governments using commercial sales practices. Any such sales must be approved by the State Department. In fact, even to market such products, a license is also required if any information is to be provided beyond that which is publicly available.
- Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC)
- The office within the State Department that administers the licensing and compliance programs for commercial sales of defense articles and services. Formally known as the Office of Defense Trade Controls (ODTC), extensive information is available on State's export control system at www.pmddtc.state.gov.
- Dual-Use Products
- Many products have both military and commercial applications, such as computers, machine tools, and telecommunications equipment. The U.S. government may control the export of such products and their underlying technology under the authority of the EAA. Those items subject to such controls are enumerated on the Commerce Control List (CCL) maintained by the Commerce Department.
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